Although we have identified the anatomical locations and physiological functions of some vocal neurons, it is essential to characterize molecules expressed by the vocal neurons to achieve comprehensive understanding of the central vocal pathways. In collaboration with the Olivera lab at the University of Utah, we are characterizing receptors expressed by the vocal neurons in the parabrachial nuclei of X. laevis using constellation pharmacology, an experimental approach to image Ca2+ signals of dissociated neurons to identify receptors expressed by neurons using pharmacological agents. In addition, we have also been characterizing transcripts expressed by the vocal neurons by carrying out single-cell RNA sequencing.